Indian Legal FAQ

BNS (Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita) 2023 ne purane Indian Penal Code (IPC) 1860 ko replace kar diya hai. Yeh 1 July 2024 se poore India mein lagu ho gaya. IPC mein 511 sections the, BNS mein 358 sections hain. Sab purane IPC cases ab BNS ke under dekhe jayenge. Sections ke numbers badal gaye hain isliye advocate se confirm karein.

BNS Section 103: Hatyaa (Murder). Jo koi kisi insaan ki hatyaa kare use maut ki saza ya umra qaidi (life imprisonment) ki saza hogi saath mein jurmana bhi. Agar 5 ya zyada logon ka group kisi ko jati, nasl, samaj ya bhaasha ke naam par maare to saza maut ya umra qaidi hogi.

BNS Section 109: Hatyaa ki koshish. Jo koi hatyaa karne ki koshish kare usse 10 saal tak ki jail aur jurmana ho sakta hai. Agar yahi koshish jail mein band qaidi kare to saza maut bhi ho sakti hai. Yeh bailable nahi hai — bail ke liye sessions court jaana hoga.

BNS Section 115: Gambhir chot pohunchaana. Agar koi jaanboojhkar gambhir chot pohucha to 7 saal tak jail aur jurmana. Gambhir chot mein aankh jaana, haath-pair kharaab hona, haddiyaan tootna, permanent disability shaamil hai. Sadharan chot (simple hurt) ke liye BNS Section 114 lagu hoga.

BNS Section 64: Balaatkaar. Saza kam se kam 10 saal, zyada se zyada umra qaidi (life). Agar peedit 16 saal se kam umra ki ho to kam se kam 20 saal. Agar ek se zyada log sath mein iss jurm mein shamil hon (gang rape) to BNS Section 70 lagu hoga jis mein maut tak ki saza ho sakti hai. Yeh non-bailable offense hai.

BNS Section 316: Dhokha (Cheating). Jo koi kisi ko beimani se dhoka de aur us se sampatti ya keemat ka saman le to 7 saal jail aur jurmana. Online fraud, property fraud, financial cheating sab is section ke under aate hain. Complaint naazdik ke police station mein file karein.

BNS Section 351: Dhamki (Criminal Intimidation). Kisi ko jaan se maarne, sampatti barbad karne, ya izzat kharaab karne ki dhamki dena jurm hai. Saza 2 saal tak jail ya jurmana ya dono. Agar dhamki khamoshi rakhne ke liye di gayi ho to saza 7 saal tak ho sakti hai.

BNS Section 303: Chori (Theft). Kisi ki sampatti ya maal bina uski marzi ke le lena chori hai. Saza 3 saal jail ya jurmana ya dono. Agar ghar todkar chori ki (house breaking) to BNS Section 305 lagu hoga jis mein 10 saal tak saza ho sakti hai.

BNSS (Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita) 2023 ne purane Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) 1973 ko replace kar diya. 1 July 2024 se lagu. Ismein digital FIR, video conferencing se peshee, aur trial ki time limit jaise nayi cheezein jodi gayi hain. Electronic evidence ab manyata prapt hai.

BNSS Section 173: FIR (First Information Report). Kisi bhi cognizable offense ki FIR likhana police ki duty hai — woh mana nahi kar sakti. Agar police FIR na likhe to aap SP ko application de sakte hain. Ab e-FIR bhi ki ja sakti hai. FIR ki copy aapko muft mein milni chahiye.

BNSS Section 187: Police Remand. Kisi bhi girtaftar insaan ko 24 ghante ke andar magistrate ke saamne pesh karna zaroori hai. Police remand zyada se zyada 15 din di ja sakti hai (pehle 24 ghante ki hifazat ke baad). Judicial custody alag hoti hai. Agar aapke kisi jaanne waale ko giraftaar kiya ho to turant advocate se milo.

BNSS ke under teen prakar ki bail hoti hai:\n1. Regular Bail (Section 483): Giraftari ke baad bail ke liye magistrate ya sessions court mein arzi.\n2. Anticipatory Bail (Section 484): Giraftari se pehle sessions court ya High Court mein arzi. Agar dar ho ki arrest ho sakti hai.\n3. Default Bail (Section 187): Agar police 60/90 din mein chargesheet na de to accused ko bail ka adhikaar milta hai.

BNSS Section 35 + 36: Giraftari ke samay aapke adhikaar:\n• Giraftari ka karan jaanne ka haq\n• Turant advocate (lawyer) se milne ka haq\n• Kisi ek rishtedaar ya dost ko suchit karne ka haq\n• Mahila ko raat mein arrest nahi kiya ja sakta (except special circumstances)\n• Arrest ke baad 24 ghante mein magistrate ke saamne pesh karna zaroori\n• Medical examination ka adhikaar

BNSS Section 223: Chargesheet (Police Report). Jaanch poori hone ke baad police court mein chargesheet (challan) file karti hai. Sadharan cases mein 60 din mein, serious cases (7+ saal saza wale) mein 90 din mein chargesheet aana chahiye. Agar nahi aaya to accused ko default bail ka haq hai.

Zero FIR: Agar jurm aapke naazdik ke police station ke area mein nahi hua, tab bhi koi bhi police station Zero FIR likh sakta hai. Baad mein woh FIR sambhit (concerned) police station ko transfer ho jaati hai. BNSS ne Zero FIR ko badhawa diya hai taaki peedit ko door tak na jaana pade. Online bhi file ki ja sakti hai.

CPC (Code of Civil Procedure) 1908 woh kanoon hai jo civil courts ke kaam karne ka tarika batata hai. Property disputes, loan recovery, contract breach, divorce, damage claims — in sab civil mamlon mein CPC follow kiya jaata hai. Yeh criminal laws se alag hai — yahan jail nahi hoti, compensation ya decree milti hai.

CPC Order 39 Rule 1 & 2: Temporary Injunction. Agar aap nahi chahte ki koi aapki property beche ya aapko nuksaan pohucha jab tak case chal raha ho, to aap court se temporary injunction maang sakte hain. Iske liye 3 cheez prove karni hoti hai: Prima facie case (sahi case hai), Irreparable loss (jo nuksaan hoga woh poora nahi ho sakta), Balance of convenience (aapka zyada nuksaan hoga).

CPC Order 37: Summary Suit. Agar kisi ne cheque, hundee, pronote (promissory note) ya written agreement ke against paise nahi diye to aap Summary Suit file kar sakte hain. Isme trial jaldi hoti hai kyunki defendant ko pehle court se leave leni hoti hai jawab dene ke liye. Cheque bounce cases mein bahut useful hai.

CPC Section 9: Civil court ko har civil nature ke vivad sun ne ka adhikaar hai jab tak ki kisi special kanoon ne usse rok na diya ho. Family courts, consumer courts, DRT (Debt Recovery Tribunal), revenue courts — in mein specific cases jaate hain. Aam property, paisa, contract cases civil district court mein file hote hain.

CPC Section 80: Government ya public officer ke khilaf case file karne se pehle 2 mahine pehle notice dena zaroori hai. Notice mein case ki wajah, maange, aur aapka naam-pata likhna hota hai. Agar government 2 mahine mein jawab na de tab hi court mein case file kar sakte hain. Emergency mein court special permission de sakti hai.

Limitation Act 1963 ke under civil cases file karne ki time limit:\n• Property disputes: 12 saal\n• Contract breach: 3 saal\n• Tort / Negligence: 3 saal\n• Cheque bounce (civil): 3 saal\n• Government ke khilaf: 30 saal (zyaatar)\nLimitation period khatam hone ke baad case file karna bahut mushkil ho jaata hai — isliye jaldi action lein.

Hindu Marriage Act 1955 ke under divorce 2 tarah se hota hai:\n1. Mutual Consent Divorce (Section 13B): Dono raazi hon. Pehli petition → 6 mahine ka cooling period → doosri petition → Divorce. Total 6-18 mahine.\n2. Contested Divorce (Section 13): Cruelty, adultery, desertion, mental illness ityaadi grounds par. 2-5+ saal lag sakte hain.\nMuslim talaq: Muslim Personal Law ke under, Triple Talaq ab ilegal hai (Supreme Court 2017). Divorce cases Family Court mein file hote hain.

Hindu Marriage Act Section 24-25 aur CrPC (ab BNSS) Section 144 ke under wife ko nafaqa milta hai. Kitna milega yeh depend karta hai:\n• Pati ki income\n• Wife ki income (agar hai)\n• Bacchon ki zimmedari\n• Vivah ki avadhi\n• Jeewan star\nInterim maintenance case chalte waqt milti hai, permanent settlement divorce ke waqt hota hai. Court discretion use karti hai.

Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act 1956 + Guardians and Wards Act 1890 ke under:\n• 5 saal se kam umra ke bacche ki custody zyaatar maa ko milti hai\n• 5+ saal ke bacchon mein court bacche ka "welfare" dekhti hai\n• Father ka natural guardian hone ka adhikaar hai\n• Court dono parents ko "visitation rights" de sakti hai\nSabse zaroori hai bacche ka best interest — court wahi karti hai jo bacche ke liye sahi ho.

Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 ke under:\n• Magistrate court mein Protection Order maang sakte hain\n• Residence Order (ghar se mat nikaalo)\n• Monetary Relief (paisa)\n• Custody Order (bacchon ki custody)\nSaath mein BNS Section 85-86 ke under criminal case bhi file kar sakte hain. Turant police station jaana ya 1091 (Women Helpline) par call karein.

Dowry Prohibition Act 1961: Dahej lena ya dena dono jurm hai. Saza 5 saal jail aur ₹15,000 ya dahej ki raqam (jo zyada ho) tak jurmana.\nBNS Section 85: Pati ya sasural walon dwara cruelty — 3 saal jail.\nBNS Section 80: Vivah ke 7 saal ke andar mahila ki mrityu — Dowry Death. Saza 7 saal se umra qaidi.\n498A IPC (ab BNS 85): FIR file kar sakte hain. Non-bailable hai.

Hindu Succession Act 1956 ke under:\n• Agar koi Will nahi to property usi ke kanoon ke hisaab se banti hai\n• Beta, beti, pati/patni — sab ko barabar hissa milta hai (amended 2005)\n• Will Registered honi chahiye taaki future mein vivad na ho\n• Will banate waqt do gavaah zaroori hain\nMuslim Personal Law mein alag succession rules hain. Will ki validity ke liye ek experienced civil/property lawyer se milein.

Motor Vehicles Act 1988 ke under Motor Accident Claims Tribunal (MACT) mein compensation maanga ja sakta hai. Compensation ke factors:\n• Mrityu ya injury ki gambhirta\n• Peedit ki umra aur income\n• Medical expenses\n• Bhavishya ki kamai ka nuksaan (Loss of future earnings)\n• Dard aur takleef (Pain & Suffering)\nInsurance company compensation deti hai. Agar vehicle uninsured ho to Solatium Fund se milta hai.

MACT (Motor Accident Claims Tribunal) mein claim file karne ki limit 6 mahine hai hadse ke baad (court extend kar sakti hai). Zaroori documents:\n• FIR ki copy\n• Medical reports\n• Driving license ki copy\n• Insurance policy copy\n• Vehicle RC\n• Income proof\nEk MACT specialist advocate hire karein — woh no-win-no-fee basis par bhi kaam karte hain.

Agar vehicle bhaag jaaye (Hit & Run) to Motor Vehicle Act Section 161 ke under Solatium Fund se compensation milta hai:\n• Mrityu par: ₹2,00,000\n• Gambhir chot par: ₹50,000\nSaath mein :\n1. Turant police mein report karein\n2. Hospital mein treatment karein\n3. Claim magistrate court mein ya naazdik insurance company mein\nIf vehicle mila — normal MACT claim bhi kar sakte hain.

Motor Vehicles Act Section 185:\n• Pehli baar: 6 mahine jail ya ₹10,000 jurmana ya dono\n• Doosri baar (3 saal mein): 2 saal jail ya ₹15,000 ya dono\nBNS ke under agar kisi ki maut hui to culpable homicide (BNS Section 105/106) ka case bhi ban sakta hai — saza bahut zyada ho sakti hai. License bhi suspend ya cancel ho sakta hai.

DRT (Debt Recovery Tribunal) RDDBFI Act 1993 ke under bana hai. Jab bank ya financial institution ₹20 lakh se zyada ka loan nahi chuka to:\n• Bank DRT mein Recovery Certificate ke liye jaata hai\n• Borrower DRT mein SA (Securitisation Application) file karke SARFAESI action rok sakta hai\nDRT ke faisle ke khilaf DRAT (Appellate Tribunal) mein appeal hoti hai, phir High Court writ petition.

SARFAESI Act 2002 ke under bank bina court gaye property le sakta hai agar loan NPA ho jaye. Process:\n1. Section 13(2) Notice — 60 din mein paisa chukao\n2. Section 13(4) Notice — Property ka possession lenge\n3. Property neelaami (auction)\nAapke adhikaar:\n• 60 din ke andar bank ko jawab dein (Section 13(3A))\n• DRT mein Section 17 application file karein notice ke 45 din ke andar\n• Advocate se TURANT milein — deadline miss mat karein!

NPA (Non-Performing Asset): Agar aap 90 din se EMI nahi bhar rahe to bank aapka account NPA declare kar deta hai. Iske baad:\n• CIBIL score kharaab hota hai\n• Bank legal action start kar sakta hai\n• SARFAESI ya DRT ke zariye property le sakta hai\nSolution: Bank se "One Time Settlement (OTS)" ki baat karein. Zyaatar banks OTS ke liye ready hote hain agar aap samay par aayein. Ek DRT specialist advocate hire karein.

IBC 2016 ke under:\n• Companies ke liye: Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP) — NCLT mein case\n• Individuals ke liye: Personal Insolvency — DRT mein\nAgar aap sach mein paisa nahi chuka pa rahe to insolvency file karke fresh start le sakte hain. Ek baar order hone ke baad creditors aapse directly nahi maang sakte — moratorium lag jaata hai. Bahut technical process hai — specialist lawyer zaroori hai.

Consumer Protection Act 2019 ke under:\n• District Commission: ₹50 lakh tak ke cases\n• State Commission: ₹50 lakh - ₹2 crore\n• National Commission: ₹2 crore se zyada\nKab file karein: Product defect, service mein kami, overcharging, misleading advertisement, online shopping fraud.\nCase file karne ki limit: 2 saal. Filing fee bahut kam hai aur aap khud bhi case file kar sakte hain.

Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules 2020 ke under:\n• Return/Refund policy clearly stated honi chahiye\n• Counterfeit ya damaged product → turant complain\nPehle platform ke customer care mein complain karein. Na sune to:\n1. Consumer Forum (District) mein case file karein\n2. National Consumer Helpline: 1800-11-4000 (toll free)\n3. E-daakhil portal: edaakhil.nic.in par online case file karein

Medical negligence do tarah se pursue ho sakti hai:\n1. Consumer Forum: Doctor / Hospital against compensation ke liye (Consumer Protection Act)\n2. State Medical Council: Doctor ka license cancel / suspend karne ke liye\n3. Criminal case: BNS Section 106 — agar laparwahi se maut hui\nExpert medical opinion zaroori hota hai. Ek experienced medical negligence advocate hire karein.

Golden Hour Rule — Jitna jaldi action lein utna paisa wapas milne ke chances zyada: 1. TURANT apna bank call karein — transaction freeze karwayein 2. Cyber Crime Portal: cybercrime.gov.in par online complaint 3. Helpline: 1930 (Cyber Crime Helpline) 4. Naazdik police station mein FIR IPC Section 66D IT Act (Cheating by personation) + BNS Section 316 (Cheating) dono lagu honge.

IT Act 2000:\n• Section 66C: Identity theft — 3 saal jail + ₹1 lakh jurmana\n• Section 66E: Niji tasveerein bina ijazat share karna — 3 saal jail\n• Section 67A: Aveeleel content online — 5-7 saal jail\nBNS:\n• Section 77: Stalking (online bhi) — 3 saal tak saza\n• Section 79: Voyeurism\nCybercrime.gov.in par complaint + evidence (screenshots) save rakhin.

Agar koi online dhamki de raha hai, blackmail kar raha hai ya stalk kar raha hai:\n• BNS Section 351: Criminal Intimidation (Dhamki)\n• BNS Section 308: Extortion (Blackmail)\n• IT Act Section 66A: Ab invalid (SC ne khatam kiya) but Section 67 still valid\nEvidence save karein: Screenshots, URLs, chat history. Cybercrime cell mein FIR karein. Advocate se Anti-Anticipatory Bail advice lein agar dono taraf se case ho sakta hai.

Industrial Disputes Act 1947:\n• 10+ employees wali company mein 240 din kaam kar chuke employee ko bina cause nikalna illegal hai\n• 1 mahine ka notice ya notice pay dena zaroori hai\n• Labour Court mein reinstatement ya compensation ke liye case file kar sakte hain\nNew Labour Codes (2020) lagu hone par rules alag honge. Apni employment contract aur HR letter zaroor padhein.

Payment of Gratuity Act 1972 ke under:\n• 5 saal lagaataar service poori karne par Gratuity milti hai\n• Formula: (Last drawn salary × 15 × years of service) ÷ 26\n• Maximum ₹20 lakh tak\n• Company chhodne, retire hone, ya mrityu/disability par milti hai\nAgar company gratuity na de to Controlling Authority (Labour Department) mein shikayat karein.

Employee Provident Fund Act 1952 ke under:\n• Naukri chhodne ke 2 mahine baad PF withdraw kar sakte hain\n• Online claim: epfindia.gov.in par UAN se login karein\n• Emergency mein partial withdrawal bhi hoti hai (bimari, ghar kharidna)\n• Agar employer PF nahi kata raha to EPFO office mein shikayat karein\n• EPFO Helpline: 1800-118-005